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We know that you've got little time especially if you are an employee that must meet your employers expectation. You must be straining to develop any course projects that need most of your time that unfortunately you don't have:

If you fall under the above profile please pick your phone and give us enough details about you project (proposal). We will do the rest.

Call us now @ 0722653296 or 020357647 or Email csckenya@gmail.com 

Hints on Preparing Research Proposals

Writing a research paper is an important skill you need to learn. In order to do a paper properly you need to keep a few things in mind which will be outlined below. The most important thing is to be complete, be consistent and be thorough. Remember, the process is the important part. Before we begin, keep the following terms in mind:

Plagiarism: This is what you want to avoid. Plagiarism means using someone else's work and claiming it as your own. In reality it is a crime. Plagiarism can occur on purpose as well as by accident, either way it is wrong and must be avoided. If you plagiarize by accident the same penalties apply. The way we avoid plagiarism is by citing sources. After the paper is written and the sources have been cited then we must create a works cited page. If the proper format for citing sources and the works cited page is followed then plagiarism can be avoided.

Citing Sources: Most high schools use the MLA (Modern Language Association) format. Check with your teacher to see if this format is acceptable in your school. Sources in these formats use the in line citation format. What this means is that anytime you cite a source, whether it be a direct quote or a paraphrase you must then insert an in line citation into the text of the paper. Typically the in line citation would consist of the authors last name followed by the page number with the entire citation in brackets. Here is an example: (Winthrop 24) The sentence period comes after the citation. More is to follow on proper in line citation format after this introduction.

Paraphrase: A paraphrase is an important part of writing a paper. Simply put the paraphrase is when you read another authors work and put it into your own words. It is also considered paraphrasing when you use statistics and research from another source. This is the most common citation in a paper. Proper paraphrasing is an art. This does not mean changing a few words around. It means taking the authors ideas, summarizing them into your own words and then using them. Of course you must cite every paraphrase with an in line citation. Paraphrases are mostly used to summarize paragraphs and main themes. Paraphrases are also used to cite statistics and other information. YOU DO NOT USE QUOTATION MARKS WHEN PARAPHRASING. More is to follow on citing the paraphrase.

Direct Quote: A direct quote is when you use another persons words directly in your paper. Knowing when to use a direct quote is important. Do not quote everything you want to say. Most things should be paraphrased. Use a direct quote when you want the reader to read an important historical line or it is something someone said that is important. Use direct quotes sparingly, there should only be a few in the paper and they better be good ones. The key difference in citing a direct quote is that you must put quotation marks around the sentence and then cite at the end. IF YOU FAIL TO USE QUOTATION MARKS AROUND A DIRECT QUOTE YOU ARE SAYING YOU WROTE THE SENTENCE. THIS IS PLAGIARISM!!! More information on direct quotes and direct quotes over four lines to follow.

Works Cited Page: This is the last page of your paper where you list, using the format shown below, all the books, articles, web sites, SIRS articles, magazines articles, etc. you have used. This must be done in the proper format. Proper format will be outlined in the following pages.

 I highly recommend the following sites:

Citing A Paraphrase A PARAPHRASE IS:

    your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.

Here is a sample paraphrase:

Original Text: (From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.)

While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building.

Paraphrase:

How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than worlds tallest building, the Sears Tower, is unknown. The design of one twice as tall is already on the boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).

Note the following. The writer never uses the exact words of the author therefore there is no need to use quotation marks. The writer summarizes, uses his or her own words and then cites the source at the end. Sometimes a paraphrase will be large and must be broken up. A good rule of thumb is to break up a paragraph that is completely paraphrased into two or three citations. The writer has given credit to the author and thus has avoided plagiarism. Now the author would just continue writing after double spacing.

Your paper will more or less be paraphrase after paraphrase linked together by your own words and analysis. You need to introduce, analyze and put into context the paraphrases you use. This is the nature of the research paper, after all, you are not the expert, they are. If you cite from the same author in the very next citation you do not have to put the authors last name in the in line citation, just the page number.

Example:

How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than worlds tallest building, the Sears Tower, is unknown. The design of one twice as tall is already on the boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15). As a matter of fact the architect William LeMessurier claims he designed a skyscraper that is over a half a mile tall (15).

 

Summary of speaker's comments in the order presented.

Howard

    Diversify your sources of funding, don't just go to the normal places. Familiarize yourself with NSF's FASTLANE system a long time before any proposal deadlines. At NSF all Astronomy awards are dealt with fully electronically, all awards are administered electronically. Don't write an Ap. J. article. Proposals are meant as convincing documents, not reports of scientific results past or anticipated. Address who, what, where and why very early in the proposal. Be sure to address why you should do the research, why it is important to the field in general and how it meshes with other research past, present and future. Place the proposed research in context and compare and contrast it with other research. Have your proposal reviewed by a trusted colleague before submission. Heed their comments. Do not write the proposal for yourself, write it for the review committee. Be sure to write the proposal for the program you are applying. Don't send an observation paper (however, cleverly you may disguise it) to a theory program. Balance ambition with sense. Good people (even excellent people) can have proposals rejected, take rejection as a learning experience. Agree to serve (or actively seek to serve) on a proposal review committee or other advisory committee, consider being a program director at NSF.

Riegler

    NASA has a broad set of programs, explore all your options. Stay alert for NASA Research Announcements (NRAs) by checking their web pages. Note that many programs are now contained within broad NRAs, instead of numerous smaller announcements. Observation and Data Analysis are tied to missions. Note that announcements also appear in the Commerce Business Daily, email newsletters. Abstracts of successful proposals are online. Use these as a resource to find out what proposals are getting funding and match your proposal to the style or subject of other proposals. Read and follow the instructions in the program announcement. Give credit to others where appropriate. Strive to stay focussed. Remember you are writing a proposal, not a scientific paper.

Shull

    Layout of the proposal is important. It should be easy to read and understand. Careful layout of tables and figures is critical. Make your points early and stay organized. Describe why your project is exciting and is distinct from other projects. Make your proposal memorable in some way. Balance length vs. brevity, multiple topics vs. single topic, and limit the number of proposals you submit. Selection committees are smart, they know when you have submitted multiple proposals. Ask colleagues to critique your proposal and heed their advice. Try using a non-expert in another discipline. If they don't understand why your work is exciting, neither will the committee.

Kennicutt

    Address the big picture. Stress why your science is exciting. Keep it simple. Describe a coherent program with a few key elements. Balance long-term results with short-term results. Provide depth to establish feasibility. Where's the Beef? Present a clear path from data to interpretation to theory to result. Perform a feasibility study and give its results. Establish your credentials and expertise in a subject area. Your track record does count. If it is a renewal application, present your current results. If it is a new project highlight current publications in the general area. If it is a pilot study in a new field, stress its relationship to other fields. Presentation counts. You should have a clear summary and budget. The layout should augment the presentation of your ideas, not hinder the proposal. Include a schedule or milestone list for larger projects.